Vascular injury in spontaneous subacute toxicosis caused by organic arsenic in cattle / Injúria vascular na toxicose subaguda espontânea causada por arsênio orgânico em bovinos

Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) is an organic form of arsenic present in the formulations of some herbicides. Accidental ingestion of pasture contaminated with arsenic may lead to toxicosis in cattle. Almost 200 head of cattle maintained in an area sprayed with MSMA presented with intense diarrhea and dehydration after grazing. Subsequently, 16 of these animals died. Toxic levels of arsenic (>1.5µg/g) were detected in the kidney, liver, urine, and skeletal muscle of 6 animals. At gross inspection were observed multifocal to coalescent ulcers in the mucosa from on the forestomachs associated with hemorrhagic areas and marked wall edema. Microscopic examination mainly showed fibrinoid necrosis of vessels with multifocal thrombosis associated with ischemic infarction that were characterized by large transmural necrotic areas in the forestomachs. The clinical and pathological changes interestingly showed that this form of arsenic although considered less toxic, has caused severe vascular injury in forestomachs of cattle.(AU)

Metano-arseniato ácido monossódico (MSMA) é uma forma orgânica de arsênio, presente nas formulações de alguns herbicidas. A ingestão acidental de pasto contaminado por arsênio pode levar a toxicose em bovinos. Aproximadamente 200 bovinos que estavam em uma pastagem pulverizada com MSMA manifestaram intensa diarreia e desidratação após o pastejo. Subsequentemente, 16 animais morreram. Níveis tóxicos de arsênio (>1.5µg/g) foram detectados no rim, fígado, urina e músculo esquelético de 6 animais. A inspeção macroscópica revelou úlceras multifocais a coalescentes na mucosa de pré-estômagos, adjacentes a focos de hemorragia e intenso edema de parede. A avaliação microscópica revelou, predominantemente, necrose fibrinoide de vasos com trombose multifocal associada a infarto, caracterizado por grandes áreas de necrose transmural em pré-estômagos. As alterações clínicas e patológicas, interessantemente, demonstraram que esta forma de arsênio, apesar de ser considerada menos tóxica, causou severa injúria vascular em pré-estômagos de bovinos.(AU)

Association of arsenobetaine with beta-cell function assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in nondiabetic Koreans: data from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2009

BACKGROUND: Arsenic is known as an endocrine disruptor that people are exposed to through various sources such as drinking water and indigestion of marine products. Although some epidemiological and animal studies have reported a correlation between arsenic exposure and diabetes development, there are limited studies regarding the toxic effects of organic arsenic including arsenobetaine on the human body. Here, we analyzed the association between urine arsenobetaine and the homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β), which is an index for predicting diabetes development and reflecting the function of pancreatic β-cells. METHODS: In the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), health and nutrition surveys and screening tests were performed. Of the total survey population, people with confirmed values for urine total arsenic and arsenobetaine were included, and known diabetic patients were excluded. A total 369 participants were finally included in the study. We collected surveys on health, height, body weight, body mass index, blood mercury level, fasting glucose level, and serum insulin level and calculated HOMA index. Owing to sexual discrepancy, we performed sexually stratified analysis. RESULTS: Urine total arsenic and total arsenic minus arsenobetaine was not associated with HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in univariate analysis or in sexually stratified analysis. However, urine arsenobetaine showed a statistically significant relationship with HOMA-β in univariate analysis, and only male participants showed a significant correlation in sexually stratified analysis. In the analysis adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity and blood mercury, the HOMA-β value in the group below the 25th percentile of arsenobetaine was significantly higher than the group between 50 and 75th percentile, while no difference was shown for HOMA-IR. In sexually stratified analysis, The value of HOMA-β was significantly higher in male participants with below the 25th percentile urine arsenobetaine than the group between 25 and 50th and between 50 and 75th, while no difference was shown for HOMA-IR. However, female participants did not demonstrate a relationship between HOMA–IR, HOMA-β and urine arsenobetaine. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the association between urine arsenobetaine and pancreatic β-cell function assessed by HOMA-β in the normal population (without diabetes), especially in males, despite adjusting for factors affecting pancreatic β-cell function and diabetes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-017-0181-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Consumo de arsénico y riesgo cardiovascular / Arsenic consumption and cardiovascular risk

El arsénico (As) es un elemento considerado como ubicuo, cuyas fuentes pueden ser naturales o productos de la actividad humana. La exposición a este elemento ocurre principalmente por la vía oral. Las presentaciones inorgánicas del As son consideradas como las más tóxicas. La absorción del As ocurre en el intestino delgado y por medio de acuaporinas ingresa a los hepatocitos, en casos de ingesta crónica el As tiende acumularse en hígado, riñones, corazón, sistema nervioso, pulmones, músculo, tracto gastrointestinal y bazo. El consumo crónico de agua con concentraciones de As por encima del valor de referencia dado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha demostrado un aumento del riesgo de accidentes vasculares cerebrales (AVC), hipertensión arterial (HTA), aterosclerosis carotidea, enfermedades arteriales periféricas, mortalidad por infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM), aumento en enfermedades cardiovasculares en la población pediátrica y diabetes mellitus tipo II.

Arsenic (As) is an element considered as ubiquitous. Its sources may be natural or manmade. The exposure to this element occurs mainly orally. Inorganic ‘As’ presentations are considered the most toxic. Arsenic absorption occurs in the small intestine, and through aquaporin, entering hepatocytes in chronic intake tends. The element (As) tends to get accumulated in the liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system, lung, muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and spleen. Chronic consumption of water with arsenic concentrations above the reference value given by the World Health Organization has shown an increased risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Hypertension (HT), carotid atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease, mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), increased cardiovascular disease in the pediatric population, and type II diabetes mellitus.